What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. They are sexual in nature. 62. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. 86. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Preconditioning. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. c. superego. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. 118. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? c. feminist therapy. Track the accuracy of the thought. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. c. cognitive-behavioral a. b. modeling. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Is there merit to this view? a. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. 45. b. rationalization. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. b. laissez-faire parenting style. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. b. 120. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. This approach to learning was called connectionism. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. d. fixation. What are some issues facing the biological model? This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. 2.3.2.1. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. 162. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. b. exposure therapy. d. cognitive-behavioral. c. cognitive According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. b. resistance. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. Communication in the nervous system. c. transference. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. 22. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 14. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. 153. Dealing with anxiety. b. self theory. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. This is known as According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? 88. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. c. depression. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. This is an example of: Members of a family operate very independently of one another. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. c. neurotransmitters. 69. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. Respondent conditioning. b. the libido. Simply: Figure 2.1. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? 129. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? c. operant conditioning. b. Participants have similar issues. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. You are doing your best. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. c. congenital malformations. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. 104. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. b. self-actualization. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. a. existential 128. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. c. psychosurgery. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. c. ego. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" b. neurotransmitters. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. Techniques might include weighing the pros and cons of fighting uncertainty or change. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. 66. b. existential Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. b. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. 2.2.2.3. 32. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. a. existential Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. a. psychodynamic d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. 56. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. c. humanistic-existential a. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). b. the pleasure principle. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . a. humanistic The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend?