CAS -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Int J Radiat Biol. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Google Scholar. J Sleep Res. Rev Environ Health. Richter et al. Wang et al. Privacy Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. 2010;2010. . 2 Researchers have been working. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2013;23:306. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. 2015;28:1324. Neurosci Lett. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Xiong et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. & Hu, XJ. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Bioelectromagnetics. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Neurol Sci. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 2006;27:16471. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. 2014;8:63. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 2015;36:4804. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Exp Neurobiol. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Article This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Bioelectromagnetics. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 2009;27:556572. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Qiao et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). 2004;115:1490505. Bioelectromagnetics. Cell Biochem Biophys. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Kwon et al. Sci Total Environ. CAS Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. radiation with wavelengths. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? J Pharm Sci. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. 2007;34:146779. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2008;29:52738. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Bioelectromagnetics. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. J Radiat Proc. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Google Scholar. Neuroreport. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? CAS Pathophysiology. 2003;140:147. Wang et al. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. 2012;62:22336. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2013;17:711. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Brain Res. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Surg Neurol. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. J Med Food. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Zhao et al. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13].