[2] For some examples, see Robert Gundry, The Use of the Old Testament in St. Matthews Gospel: With Special Reference to the Messianic Hope(Leiden: Brill, 1975), 183; David Hill, The Gospel of Matthew (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972), 1; R. T. France, Matthew: Evangelist and Teacher (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), 6768; Leon Morris, The Gospel according to Matthew (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992), 14; Donald A. Hagner, Matthew 113 (Dallas: Word, 1993), lxxvi; D. A. Carson, Matthew: Chapters 1 through 12 (EBC; Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995), 1819; Grant R. Osbourne, Matthew, ECNT (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2010), 34; B. This English translation of the Greek text is taken from Michael W. Holmes, editor, Matthew Black, The Use of Rhetorical Terminology in Papias on Matthew and Mark. In the late '60s, he runs a musty SoCal church turned upside-down by an unexpected deluge of flower children seeking peace and love of the Christly variety. H. Gundry, 287291; James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 35; Shanks, Papias, 12529, 195; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 214. Matthew's shocked facial expression shows that he understands this societal dynamic well, but his look and gesture may indicate even more than that. December 29, 2020 7:00 AM EST. [13] Moreover, Matthew hardly features more as a character in the narrative than in the other two Synoptic Gospels to be the key source of the Matthean traditions. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Why 'Matthew' in Matt 9,9-13? - JSTOR Based on Papiass title. Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi | Time Rudolf Pesch, LeviMatthus (Me 2.14/Mt 9.9; 10.3). Josef Krzinger and Robert Gundry have tried to line up Papiass testimony with the academic consensus. It felt "weird," Carr said. Matthias was chosen to be one of the Apostles after Judas of Iscariot had betrayed Jesus and died ( Acts 1:26 NIV). It is beyond the scope of this paper to determine why Matthew was substituted for Levi. 3.39.17). James E. Crouch; Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 32n.12; Ian Boxall, Matthew through the Centuries (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2019), 31, 172. 3.27.4). [31] Warren Carter, Matthew: Storyteller, Interpreter, Evangelist (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2004), 17. (Matt. The other Eleven were ordinary men. 3.1.1). Matthias was the only one who was not chosen by Jesus . See Barnabas Lindars, Matthew, Levi, Lebbaeus and the Value of the Western Text, https://brentnongbri.com/2018/05/21/matthew-and-levi-and-james/, Lindars, Western Text,222; cf. Until that moment, she'd always thought Jesus was . Ancient and modern scholars have been perplexed by the fact that the name of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9 differs from its synoptic counterparts. - And it came to pass - seems the best reading - as he was sitting at meat in his house.This was the house of Matthew. Pet. Some scholars equate Matthews oracles with the hypothetical sources Q or M supposedly underlying the double tradition shared by Matthew and Luke and the singly attested traditions in Matthews Gospel respectively. 4 Macc 12:7; 16:15; Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14; Josephus, A.J. Matthew's " original name, Levi, suggests that he was a man of the priestly tribe." Levi means " adhesion ." But Matthew was re-Christened " gift " or "given," a profound switch for a tax. B. The Ipuwer PapyrusWere The 10 Biblical Plagues Real? 29.9.4; 30.3.7; Jerome, Vir. [45] The majority position among the experts is that the fragments Jerome inherited from the Nazarenes do not derive from the Gospel according to the Hebrews but from a distinct work that scholars have designated as the Gospel according to the Nazarenes. 2:1-10; Acts 8:9-24). praef. There are a number of Patristic and Medieval quotations that purportedly derive from a text that was commonly dubbed as the, James R. Edwards has revived the older position that Matthew was the author of the, Conversely, Papias may not have known the. 184.9-10) and Eusebius regarded the text as disputed but not unorthodox (h.e. PDF JESUS CALLED MATTHEW (LEVI) - Bible Storytelling Friedrich Schleiermacher, ber die Zeugnisse des Papias von unsern beiden ersten Evangelien, TSK 5 (1832): 73568; Manson, For the general consensus of Q scholars, see Nigel Turner, Q in Recent Thought, Daniel A. Bertrand, Lvangile des Ebionites: une harmonie vangelique antrieur au. Could Ancient Sparta Defeat Ancient Rome? The Calling of the Matthews | The Jesuit Post Even Jesus acknowledges the hatred people had for tax collectors: " If they refuse to listen even to the church, treat them as you would a pagan or a tax collector" (Matthew 18:17). nor any utilization of the first-person voice to present Matthews perspective on the unfolding events (contra Acts 16:1017; 20:515; 21:118; 27:137; 28:116; Gos. Jesus Calls Matthew to Follow Him (Matthew 9:9-13; Mark 2:13-17; Luke 5 13:4; 19:1; 53:1; 62:3; 2 Clem. Matthew, the seventh apostle, was chosen by Andrew. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels (Nashville: B&H Publishing Group, 2010), 2829. Indeed, Papias commented on a story about the Lords encounter with a condemned woman that Eusebius located in this Gospel (cf. The Apostles: Impetuous Peter overcame mistakes to become leader ill. 2), but several of his quotations were lifted from previous Greek texts penned by figures such as Ignatius (cf. Follow me, Jesus said to him, and Levi got up, left everything and followed him. The double tradition is mostly comprised of sayings, but there are a couple of narratives (e.g., Matt 4:111/Luke 4:113; Matt 8:513/Luke 7:110). High priest Aaron and his sons were descendants of Levi (Exodus 4:14), Levi being a son of Jacob (Genesis 29:34). Tax collectors were hated by the Jews. Corrections? What Language Did Jesus Speak? - Gateway Center for Israel The Greek language became the international language through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. His presence is here, worship with us at Summer Ramp now - facebook.com I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners., CLICK HERE for Jesus and the Pharisees article. Impossible!"[3]. Fellow citizens considered him a social outcast who was a traitor to their nation. Ward Powers enthusiastically endorses this line of reasoning in the following bold claim: "To have this evidence about the apostle Matthew his background, training, and employment in the Roman administration; his response to the call to follow Jesus; his appointment to the role and responsibility of apostle and to believe that he wouldnotwrite down what Jesus was doing and teaching requires a far bigger leap of faith than believing that he did. Krzinger and Gundry insist that, Krzinger enlists Irenaeus in support of his reading of Papias, despite the fact that Irenaeus used the article when affirming that Matthew wrote to the Hebrews in their, Hence, Krzinger identifies the each one (. T/F. If these are all references to the same James, that would make James son of Alphaeus the author of the Book of James and one of the three men Paul called "pillars" of the church. Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. The diversity of text-forms evident in Matthews biblical citations and allusions, however, disproves the notion that the evangelist was reliant on one testimonium source. Matthew (Levi) who wrote the first of the Gospels did write it in the Hebrew tongue which at that time was Aramaic. [13] The thesis that the first canonical Gospel was published under the name of a pseudonym is defended by George D. Kilpatrick, The Origins of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (Oxford: Clarendon, 1946), 13839. [36] Ultimately, the identification of Matthews oracles with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Assuming that the identification of Matthew with Levi is correct, Matthew (probably meaning Yahwehs Gift) would appear to be the Christian name of Levi (called by Mark Levi the son of Alphaeus), who had been employed as a tax collector in the service of Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee. 3.11.7), which is hard to reconcile with the Ebionitess denial of the virginal conception of Jesus (1.26.2; 3.21.1; 5.1.3; contra Matt 1:23). 3.24.6; Origen, in h.e. Most general Bible readers have the mistaken impression that Matthew, the opening book of the New Testament, must be our first and earliest Gospel, with Mark, Luke and John following. The Bible says that Matthew left everything to follow Jesus. Hence Levi was the original name of the man who was subsequently called Matthew; the Maththaios legomenos of Matthew 9:9, would indicate this. Among these repetitions are: variations of Mattathias (five times), Jesus (twice), Joseph (three times), Simeon (Semein), Levi (twice), and Melchi (twice). 18) or Origen (cf. One did not give up collecting taxes for the Romans on a whim and expect to ever return. T/F, 4. St. Matthew, also called St. Matthew the Evangelist, St. Matthew the Apostle, or Levi, (flourished 1st century ce, Palestine; Western feast day September 21, Eastern feast day November 16), one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the first Synoptic Gospel (the Gospel According to Matthew). Jesus Calls Levi (Matthew). I.2.26; Eusebius, h.e. This could be a good possibility for the changing of the names. [4] When Origen of Alexandria searched for a parallel for why Saul was surnamed Paul in the preface of his Commentary on Romans, he pointed out that the same individual appears under different names in Matthew 9:9 and Luke 5:27 (PG 14.836). [26], Krzingers and Gundrys proposals have varying degrees of persuasiveness, but most scholars have not been swayed by their contention that Papiass words on Matthew have been misread through the centuries. Jesus did not call us because of our righteousness or gifting. There were what the Jews called publicans aka tax collectors like Matthew who collected taxes for customs or tolls on imports, exports, and merchants who came to buy or sell in Israel. Mich. 7.6; Is. Christ's Call To Matthew - Follow Me - Discover the Book Ministries Jefferson himself believed that a person's religion was between them and their god. Why Kelsey Grammer's Jesus Freak Movie Made Film History Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. He followed Jesus to his death. Perhaps they did so because Levis call narrative closely resembled the summons of the first four apostles to discipleship in Mark 1:1620 and Alpheus was already remembered as the father of one of the apostles in Mark 3:18. March 2020. Hence, Mark listened to Peters, That is, they surmise that Matthew applied Jewish exegetical techniques and forms of argumentation to the material at his disposal to shape it into a cogent presentation about how Jesus fulfilled the Scriptures. Harris J. Rendel, The Logia and the Gospels, For lexical discussion and debate about the term. Jennie Ebeling --Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville, Copyright 2000-2023 The Bible and Interpretation| All Rights Reserved |The University of Arizona | Developed bySBS Tech Matthew belonged to a family of tax gatherers, or publicans, but was himself a customs collector in Capernaum, where he lived. Who Was Matthias in the Bible and Why Did He Replace Judas? Even if this guy gets over the fact that I'm a tax collector, how could he ever be interested in me? Luke 6:12-26. The important take-away from this detour through the Patristic testimonies was that the oldest tradition was that the evangelist Matthew published a text in Aramaic and left it to more qualified translators to translate it into the form that we have today as the Greek Gospel according to Matthew. [29] Thus, some scholars who otherwise defend the traditional authorship of Matthews Gospel admit that Papias erred in his belief about the original language in which it was written. However, none of the ancient Christian literati surmised that the Apostle was fluent in Greek, for they handed down the tradition that Matthew composed his Gospel in Aramaic before it was translated into Greek. [35] For the general consensus of Q scholars, see Nigel Turner, Q in Recent Thought ExpTim 80 (1968-69): 32428; John S. Kloppenborg, The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1987), 5164; Harry T. Fleddermann, Q: A Reconstruction and Commentary (Leuven: Peeters, 2005), 15557; Sarah E. Rollens, Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement: The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 9193. The meaning in Hebrew of the word day always means a 24 hour period of time. Dr. Beth Harris: In the Contarelli Chapel. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This leads Dennis MacDonald to maintain that Papiass supposition about the multiple translations of Matthews oracles was an explanation for the dissimilar Greek texts of Q and Matthew. Who Wrote the Gospels, and How Do We Know for Sure? - Zondervan Academic Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 6089; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 5253; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 181. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. The task of the present article is to explain these two variations in . As a tax collector, Matthew . There were only 8 people in Noahs Ark. Modern Persecution of Christians in China, Patriarch Jacobs Well & St. Philoumenous, Slaughter of the Theban Legion C. 286 AD, LapsiChristians Who Lapse/Abandon Their Faith, Evodias Named Followers of Christ Christians. Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 62354. Vose Seminary At the same time, opposition against Jesus was growing stronger, especially from the religious . with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. The other Eleven were ordinary men. For objections against this view, see Meier, The Vision of Matthew, 25n.26; Luz, Matthew 820, 32. What does Matthew 9:9 mean? | BibleRef.com [45] Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 100101; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 41; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 47, 47n.28. Levi: Luke 5:27, "And after that He went out, and noticed a tax-gatherer named Levi, sitting in the tax office, and He said to him, 'Follow Me.' ". Therefore, commentators often appeal to Matthew 9:9 and 10:3 as evidence that the Apostle Matthew was capable of composing either the Greek text of the first canonical Gospel or one of the literary sources incorporated into it. Yet our access to Papias is mediated through Eusebius, so it is uncertain whether Eusebius interrupted an interconnected statement about both evangelists or juxtaposed two separate excerpts from Papias together. However, most scholars think that the tax collector Levi (not Zacchaeus) and Matthew were the same person based on these three verses: - Matthew 9:9 - "And as Jesus passed on from there, He saw a man, called Matthew, sitting in the tax office; and He *said to . Why Did Jesus Go To Jerusalem? A Holy Week Reflection [10] For the debate over whether Mark 2:14 and 3:18 refer to the same individual or to two different individuals named Alphaeus, see Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses, 87n.17. in Mt. [43] Further, the Gospel according to the Ebionites features a pun that only works in Greek (cf. The reason for Papiass error may simply be that he made the natural assumption that a Galilean Apostle would be writing primarily in Aramaic. Matthew, of course. Gospel Parallels: Calling of Levi/Matthew - READ-SCRIPTURE.COM Verse 15. There must have been at least 15-20 people eating in Levis spacious home. [8] See Barnabas Lindars, Matthew, Levi, Lebbaeus and the Value of the Western TextNTS 4 (1957-58): 220-22; Bruce Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 3rd ed., (London: New York, 1975), 26, 81; Brent Nongbri, Matthew and Levi (and James), Variant Readings (blog), May 21, 2018, https://brentnongbri.com/2018/05/21/matthew-and-levi-and-james/. 16.13). Acts 7:38; Rom 3:2; Heb 5:12; 1 Pet 4:11;1 Clem. Some scholars believe that the tax-collector simply had two names, one in Greek (Matthew) and the other in Hebrew (Levi). Matthew, who is also Levi, and who from a publican came to be an apostle, first of all composed a Gospel of Christ in Judaea in the Hebrew language and characters for the benefit of those of the circumcision who had believed. Assuming that the identification of Matthew with Levi is correct, Matthew (probably meaning "Yahweh's Gift") would appear to be the Christian name of Levi (called by Mark "Levi the son of Alphaeus"), who had been employed as a tax collector in the service of Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee. Jesus could have walked up to Matthew and said sarcastically, "I bet your mother is really proud you!" Jesus was considered a rabbi. Jesus believed that he had the same right to reassign a person's nameand therefore a person's life calling and destiny" (Cunningham). Meet the Apostle Nathanael, a 'True Israelite' - Learn Religions The fact that three of the four Gospels recount the calling by Jesus of the tax collector Levi is important. In Matthew's parabolic aside, the wisest advice Pilate got that day -- our Good Friday -- was from his wife: "Have nothing to do with that innocent man" (27:19). Perhaps most plain is the calling of the disciple Matthew, also known as Levi the tax collector. Matthew Levi - TruthBook Outside the New Testament, a statement of importance about him is the passage from the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis preserved by Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea: So then Matthew composed the Oracles in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as he could. The Gospel According to Matthew was certainly written for a Jewish-Christian church in a strongly Jewish environment, but that this Matthew is definitely the Synoptic author is seriously doubted. This is a quite different case from that of an individual having both a Semitic and a Greek or Latin name, as well as from that of an individual having a Semitic name and also a nickname or family name.". 6:25 (300s AD). h.e. DepartmentBldg Tucson, AZ 85721 TEL 520-621-6897 FAX 520-626-9014. Mark 10:35) and swapped Salome for her in another (Matt 27:56; cf. The Romans were their enemies. But lets hear Matthews own account of his calling: As Jesus went on from there, he saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax collectors booth. See Krtner, Papias, 2045; Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus and the Adulteress NTS 34 (1988): 2444, 29; Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, in New Testament Apocrypha I: Gospels and Related Writings, ed. Contrary to Epiphaniuss assertions, he may have not had access to the Gospel according to the Hebrews at all, and scholars generally label his source, which frequently harmonizes passages in the Synoptic Gospels, as the Gospel according to the Ebionites to distinguish it from the former text. Klijn (Gospel Tradition, 11, 119) and Frey (Die Fragmente des Hebrerevangeliums, 606) treat Eusebiuss attribution of this tale to the Gospel According to the Hebrews as spurious since Eusebius may have had no firsthand knowledge of the text. Luz, Matthew 17, 80. Sextus Julius AfricanusWhy Did The Magi Come ? There were, however, at the time of Christ and the Apostles two languages spoken by JewsAramaic and Greek. Gundry, Matthew, xxii. Saint Matthew | History, Facts, Feast Day, & Death | Britannica Levi the Tax Collector Became Saint Matthew - A Catholic Moment Indeed, Levi is Israel's priestly tribe, as stated in the Bible: "The priests the Levites the priests the Levites the priests the Levites" (Deuteronomy 17:9, 17:18, 18:1). After his conversion, Matthew ardently preached Jesus as Messiah to his Jewish community. Follow me, he told him, and Matthew got up and followed him. He called us when all we had was need. The Calling of Saint Matthew depicts the moment from Matthew 9:9 when Jesus passes by Matthew, a tax collector, and says 'Follow me.' Matthew (also called Levi) did so and became one of Jesus . Acts 1:19; 2:6, 8; 21:40; 22:2; 26:14);[22] Krzinger enlists Irenaeus in support of his reading of Papias, despite the fact that Irenaeus used the article when affirming that Matthew wrote to the Hebrews in their dialektos (cf. When the teachers of the law who were Pharisees saw him eating with the sinners and tax collectors, they asked his disciples: Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?, On hearing this, Jesus said to them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. Moreover, the Hebrew itself is preserved to this day in the library at Caesarea, which the martyr Pamphilus so diligently collected. He was honored that His Lord considered him such a gift, But as Levi he had immediately joined his life to Jesus and His Mission. Logion could be translated as an oracle or divine utterance. [42], It was not until Epiphanius (Pan. From the place where he collected taxes near the Sea of Galilee (probably on the outskirts of Capernaum), Matthew may often have heard Jesus speak and must have known about his many miracles. Matthew was obviously a small mokhes because he himself was sitting in the tax office as Jesus passed through the outskirts of Capernaum. Ein Beitrag zur Lsung eines alten Problems ZNW59 (1968): 4056; Mark Kiley, Why Matthew in Matt 9:913Biblica65.3 (1984): 34751; Michael J. Kok, Re-naming the Toll Collector in Matthew 9:9: A Review of the Options JGAR (forthcoming). Epiphanius and Jerome later confused the traditional account of the authorship of Matthews Gospel with the origins of the Gospel according to the Hebrews. Mark 2:15 While Jesus was dining at Levi's house, many tax collectors [20] Matthew Black, The Use of Rhetorical Terminology in Papias on Matthew and Mark JSNT 37 (1989): 32; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 222. The final option is that a non-extant Jewish Gospel stands behind Papiass reference to Matthews oracles or, at least, the New Testament Gospel that bears the name Matthew was mixed up with a Jewish Gospel circulating in Papiass milieu. [21] Krzinger, Papias, 1214, 2122, 5256; Gundry, Matthew, xxixxii, 61820; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 6364, 6768. Wilhelm Schneemelcher, trans. Warren Carter underscores how Papiass erroneous supposition served to underline the antiquity of this gospel and link it to the apostles.. In spite of this, Jesus went to Levi and invited him to join Jesus' disciples. Scripture both prohibits and mocks astrology (Jer. 16:18) Mark and Luke were probably stunned by Jesus inclusion of a hated tax collector in His Twelve. [39] James R. Edwards has revived the older position that Matthew was the author of the Gospel according to the Hebrews and postulates that our Greek Gospel according to Matthew was named in honor of an apostolic figurehead who preserved the Jewish Jesus traditions. My theory is that for one thing John and Peter were closer to Jesus. I. C hristmas Day may be Dec. 25, but it's not the end of Christmas story. Then Levi held a great banquet for Jesus at his house, and a large crowd of tax collectors and others were eating with them. Slaves Were Lifeless Tools in the Ancient World, Meaning of Names, Places & Things in the Bible, Gardens and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, The Roman Phalanx & Hannibals Pincer Movement. 12.13; Is. He it was who gave a feast, for attending which Jesus and the disciples were severely criticized by the Pharisees, k on the charge that it was unseemly for Him to eat with publicans and sinners. Was the Gospel of Matthew written by Levi aka Matthew in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek? Teilband 1, ed. Many commentators compare Matthews two names with other first-century Jews who had a Greek or Latin cognomen. 30.1; Jerome, Matt. There are sayings (Matt 13:3643) and stories. Pelag. Jesus' death by crucifixion was the worst death that anybody would have to endure. It is not surprising he watched Jesus carefully and wrote down the first of the four Gospels, the biographies of Jesus of Nazareth. Lettie Moses Carr saw Jesus depicted as Black, she was in her 20s. How come only five disciples of Jesus Christ wrote books in the New Testament? [44] As for Jerome, he boasted that he translated the Gospel according to the Hebrews (e.g., Vir. 2. Consequently, the evangelist wrote Matthew into the Markan story of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9. Matthew had a lucrative, though dishonest, tax collecting business for the occupying Roman government. [26] Gundry, Matthew, 619; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 67. 2. It is beyond the scope of this paper to determine why Matthew was substituted for Levi. News of his preaching and healing ministry was spreading far and wide. Because Levis occupation was one that earned distrust and contempt everywhere, the scribes of the Pharisees criticized Jesus on seeing him eat with tax collectors and sinners, whereupon Jesus answered, I came not to call the righteous, but sinners (Mark 2:1517). According to Luke 5:29, the aforementioned dinner was given by Levi in his house after his call. As Brent Cunningham expressed it the changing of the names represented Jesus' ownership of them. The Patristic Traditions about the Evangelist Matthew [33] For lexical discussion and debate about the term logion in Papiass vocabulary (cf. [30] For instance, see France, Evangelist and Teacher, 6466; Morris, Matthew, 14; Carson, Matthew, 13 Osborne, Matthew, 34; Brown and Roberts, Matthew, 16. Other scholars suspect that the Nazarenes only supplied Jerome with their own translations and commentary on Matthews Gospel. Jesus And Levi (The Tax Collector) | Northstar Church Many think that just as Simon was named Peter (the rock) by the Lord, Levi was likewise renamed Matthew (the gift of God) by Jesus. The assumption is that this order of the Gospels is a chronological one, when in fact it is a theological one. After all, a toll collector may have at least needed functional literacy to perform certain tasks. UBF Resources : Jesus Calls Levi [38] There are a number of Patristic and Medieval quotations that purportedly derive from a text that was commonly dubbed as the Gospel according to the Hebrews. Band: Evangelien und Verwandtes. This is very possible, as scholars point to Simon (Peter) and Saul. 135; Matt. Why Do Jesus' Middle Eastern Apostles Have Common English Names? Matthew authored the first Gospel of the . [28] Baum, Ein aramischer Urmatthus, 26364. 3.25.5; cf. Frey, Die Fragmente des Nazorerevangeliums, 626; Gregory, Media, Video and Lectures From The Arizona Center for Judaic Studies of the University of Arizona, Teaching the Bible in Public Schools and Higher Ed, Scholars, Frauds, the Media and the Public, Essays on Minimalism from Bible and Interpretation, Final Reports on the Yehoash Inscription and James Ossuary from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, Essays on the James Ossuary and the Temple Tablet from Bible and Interpretation, University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies, Department of Archaeology and Art History, University of Evansville.