On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. endobj By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. of the United States, Geography 20 only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Mexican Cession. Pdf. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. It is generally held to be an illegal act. 41. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. independent as Republic of the Marshall Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. 5 0 obj Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). 3 0 obj It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. But thats not it. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. 15. If you have any questions please let me know.! I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. All rights reserved. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). The revolt touched eight cities. Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 The comparison is enlightening. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. turkey stuffed with rice and meat; boil water advisory near me 2021 https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. ed. 27. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. Boston, Small, Maynard & company. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the endobj "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Help With Assignments 1 United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). At upper left margin: No. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. Today, we are in a similar position. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. 33. As it gained power, it shed territory. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: You wont find him anywhere in the Oxford History of the United States , the New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations , or any of the major textbooksincluding those, like Howard Zinns Peoples History of the United States and James W. Loewens Lies My Teacher Told Me , explicitly designed to give voice to suppressed histories. 26. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. 22. 36. This was not a freak event. 37. - 29,670. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. (Santo Domingo, 1998). First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. 529,189. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). 1853. 12. The United States of America, as a name, was accurate for less than seven weeks. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Indeed, a remarkable feature of the intellectual moment of 1898 was its revision of the history of continental expansion, by which western territories came to be seen as quasi-colonies. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. It set the Philippines free. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Bicknell, Edward. 11. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. Albizus long career defies easy summary. But those familiar borders only held for four years. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership 14. $.' - Shattuc, W. B. But it is still a significant figure. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. A self-governing state cannot accept . We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following Also available in digital form. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. 4 0 obj If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. United States--Colonial question, - But those familiar borders only held for four years. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Hello, 22. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). The Journal of American History has never printed his name. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. Shattuc, W. B. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American 25. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods.